HOW THE WOKENESS WAS WON: Malcolm X’s politics are still driving us apart.
On the run from his former allies, Malcolm X forged a new identity, becoming a more conventional Muslim, visiting Mecca and touring Africa and the Middle East studying Islam. During this tour he endorsed the idea of black unity and, in a visit to Gaza, extended it to the issue of Palestinian rights.
Back in America, where King marched with rabbis, Malcolm X complained that “the Jews run the country”. Earlier he had met the Ku Klux Klan and complained that “the Jew is behind the integration movement, using the Negro as the tool”. He criticised civil rights leaders who had married white women and complained that Jews weren’t a role model for African Americans seeking empowerment because “they usually go and use the economic weapon”. He thought that weapon unavailable to black people.
None of this did all that much to advance the rights of African Americans. To read any history of the civil rights movement is to be struck by how little Malcolm X contributed. Like the suffragettes who probably delayed women’s emancipation, Malcolm X almost certainly did more harm than good. Like the suffragettes his anger was understandable, justified, but compared to King (or in the case of women’s rights, Millicent Fawcett) ineffective. His influence lay more in his ideas than in his achievements.
In his short life (he died before he was 40, as did King) Malcolm X developed and articulated some of the themes that now dominate left discourse, particularly in the United States, but also here. His was an identity politics, seeing himself as black first rather than as American first. His chief criticism of capitalism was that it was racist and imperialist and he stressed the extent to which American wealth derived from the original sin of slavery. A main demand was for reparations. He played a leading role in making Palestine a left cause and brought political Islam into the western left. The rather odd alliance between conservative religion and socialism owes a lot to Malcolm X.
He often called for African Americans to “wake up” — he told audiences that Islam was “spreading like a flaming fire awakening and uniting Negroes where it is heard”. He was certainly a crucial figure in the shaping of the so-called “woke” ideology. When a sign in a National Trust property emphasises the role that slavery played in the accumulated wealth, it was Malcolm X who successfully made this idea into a political theme.
But while he is an icon for the left, there are echoes of his position on the right and certainly among Islamic fundamentalists. There’s a reason he met the Klan, as did his ally Muhammad Ali, who addressed a Klan rally with the words: “Black people should marry their own women. Bluebirds with bluebirds, red birds with red birds, pigeons with pigeons, eagles with eagles. God didn’t make no mistake!” Malcolm thought integration impossible and undesirable.
This, as much as their differences over violence, is what separated him from King, who believed in America and its promise and sought to gain full civic and social equality for African Americans. Malcolm thought capitalism was irredeemable. He wouldn’t gain entry to the promised land and didn’t want it.
More here: Malcolm X at 100: the forgotten legacy.
Much of Malcolm’s later trajectory has been wilfully ignored or forgotten. It was the Malcolm X of The Hate That Hate Produced, the Malcolm X who embraced black separatism and self-defence, who significantly influenced the Black Power movement that emerged in the mid-to-late 1960s. Furthermore, it was his ideas of black pride and black power that shaped President Richard Nixon and his affirmative-action programmes. Nixon preferred such ideas to the universalist ideas of racial integration that motivated King and, belatedly, Malcolm X himself.
Today, Malcolm X tends to be celebrated by reactionary identitarians, eager to divide people up into a hierarchy of racial blocs. They recognise something of their own thinking in his earlier black nationalism and black separatism. And in doing so, they effectively celebrate the ideas and the person that Malcolm himself was trying to leave behind.
Malcolm X is used today to critique whiteness, to justify veiled visions of black supremacy and separatism. Gone is his later, expansive, universalist vision and his increasing willingness to work together with white Americans for genuine social change. Instead, he’s celebrated by those who think rejecting hair straighteners and embracing their African roots is the height of radicalism.
One hundred years on from his birth, it is more necessary than ever to recall a different Malcolm X to the one championed today. It is time to remember him as a towering black leader who discovered truths about himself and his country and who constantly tried to challenge his own thinking. The words of Barack Obama, recalling his experience of reading Malcolm’s autobiography, hit home: ‘His repeated acts of self-creation spoke to me; the blunt poetry of his words, his unadorned insistence on respect, promised a new and uncompromising order, martial in its discipline, forged through sheer force of will.’
The Malcolm X we should remember is the one he was yet to become – universalist and expansive in vision and committed to integration not segregation. Because through repeated acts of self-creation, through sheer force of will, that’s where he was heading.
Flashback: Malcolm X’s former security guard says black leader’s killer was ‘definitely working’ for US government. As Steve wrote in 2023, “Just a few years ago, few people would have given this much credence.”